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Mustafa Kemal ATATURK

the founder and first president of Turkish Republic


ATATURK DIES AT 58; TURKS WILL ELECT A SUCCESSOR TODAY


	The New York Times NEW YORK, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1938 Wireless to New York Times.





National Assembly Expected to Name Gen. Inonu, Former Premier, as President


NATION GOES IN MOURNING





Peaceful Transition to New Era Seen---Unity is Stressed Under Ideal of Founder


ISTANBUL, Turkey, Nov. 10- Kemal Ataturk, President and creator of modern Turkey, died today at Dolma Bahçe Palace at the age of 58. He had survived thirteen wounds received in battle and a number of assassination attempts, but succumbed to cirrhosis of the liver. It is expected that General Ismet Inonu, former Premier and President Ataturk's comrade-in-arms, will be chosen tomorrow morning by the Republican People's party to succeed the dictator-soldier, hero of the reborn nation. The bulletin announcing the death of Ataturk and signed by eight doctors read: "The President's general condition, the gravity of which was announced in a bulletin published last night, grew steadily worse. On Nov. 10, 1938, at 9:05 A.M., our great chief, in a deep coma, breathed his last."





Three minutes after his death Salih Bozok, former aide and one of the President's closest friends, unsuccessfully attempted suicide by shooting. He was seriously wounded. Premier Stays at Bedside Throughout the night Ali Fethi Okyar, Ambassador to London Ataturk's sister and his adopted daughter Sabiha Gökçen Hanım, the latter a famous airwoman, remained near the bedside. The first indication of the President's death came at 11:30 A.M. when it was noticed that the flags on government buildings were at half-staff. Soon the flags of ships in the harbor were at half-mast, and gradually all shops and houses exhibited similar signs of mourning. Later, however, the authorities requested the withdrawal of flags except those on government buildings. Although the flags at half staff the appearance of so much color gave the impression that Istanbul was on fete. All places of public entertainment were closed and no intoxicants will be sold in Turkey until further notice. The government's communiqué issued this morning states: "By Ataturk's death Turkey has lost her great creator, a nation its great Chief and humanity a great son. We offer our people deepest condolences in their great loss. Our only consolation in our affliction is our attachment to his great work and our service to our dear country. We declare that before all things his immortal work is the Turkish Republic. "Your government is at its post at this grave time through which we are passing. The great Turkish nation will, without doubt, work as one body with the government to preserve order

"In accordance with the Constitution Abdullah Haik Renda, president of the Kamutay [National Assembly] has assumed the interim Presidency of the republic and the Kamutay will proceed forthwith with the election of a new President of the republic. The government, the glorious Turkish Army with all its might and the whole people, which form an unshakable entity, will gather around whoever is elected to fulfill the highest office in Turkey and to maintain her greatness. "Ataturk, whom we mourn today and always, had the confidence of the Turkish people. The continuation of his work he bequeathed to the Turkish nation. The Turkish people, which is eternal, will make it live eternally. Turkish youth will always defend the Turkish republic, its precious legacy, and will march alone the path Ataturk traced. Kemal Ataturk will live always." Beside General Inonu, Marshal Fevzi Cakmak, Chief of Staff, and Mr. Okyar also are in the running for the Presidency. The Marshal, as Chief of Staff, holds a position of great authority in the new Turkey and he is universally respected as the father of the army. However, he is essentially a soldier and he is known to be reluctant to play a political role. It is said that before President Ataturk became seriously ill he asked the Marshal whether he would stand for the Presidency if Ataturk resigned. The suggestion was declined.


Mr. Okyar, once Prime Minister of Turkey and lately Ambassador to London and an experienced diplomat, has been Ataturk's most intimate friend. Since the suppression in 1930 of the short-lived Liberal party, of which he was a leader, he never joined the Republican People's party and it seems unlikely that the Kamutay, composed almost entirely of adherents of the party the principals of which were lately embodied in the Constitution, would elect a non-party man President. Moreover, neither Marshal Chakmak nor Mr. Okyar is a member of the Kamutay, from which a president is elected.



Inonu Is Likely Choice

Its seems, therefore, that the choice will fall on General Inonu. For many years he was a close collaborator and lieutenant of President Ataturk and until twelve months ago he had been Prime Minister continuously for twelve years. No man in Turkey possesses his experience, and that is perhaps more important than his popularity, which for long has been second only to Ataturk's. Much has been said about their estrangement last year when General Inonu resigned the Premiership, but in light of subsequent events it now seems clear that it was the result chiefly of temporary mutual irritation. President Ataturk was a sick man and General Inonu was suffering from the strain of the long, arduous years in office. Ever since it was agreed between them that in the interest of the country the partnership should be dissolved, the general deliberately kept in the background, but the Turkish people, with the possible exception of a few private enemies, continued to regard him as the natural successor to his former chief. Even if none of three is elected to the Presidency and the Kamutay decides to choose another who has not played a prominent part in the life of the republic, the loyal cooperation that is now manifesting itself between Marshal Chakmak, Mr. Okyar and General Inonu, toward Jelal Bayar, the present Prime Minister, should be sufficient to guarantee a peaceful transition to the new era.



Change in Policy Unlikely

ISTANBUL, Nov. 10 (AP). - There were unconfirmed reports today that Kemal Ataturk had left a political testament to guide his successor in his own rigid doctrine of westernization and nationalism. No one expected Turkey's new leadership to turn in the immediate future from the domestic and foreign balance that Ataturk achieved for his nation, strategically situated between the East and the West. Before Ataturk became gravely ill in mid-October he was borrowing money for Turkey with little discrimination from both Britain and Germany, although his early struggle for power was tinged with bitter hatred for the influence of both. The British and German Foreign Offices were known to have keen interest in his successor and the future course of Turkey.


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KEMAL ATATURK

A Military Hero, Formed surging Nation


He was called simply Mustafa when he was born in Salonika in 1880, the son of a Turkish custom's officer. His mathematic's teacher at military preparatory school added Kemal, meaning "rightness," to his name. When he fought his way to leadership of the Turks, the title of Pasha was added. Most of his historic record was made as Mustafa Kemal Pasha. In 1934, when he had so modernized Turkey that titles were abolished and he was able to decree that all Turks must thereafter have family names, he chose for himself the family name of Ataturk, which is translated as "Chief Turk" or "Father of All Turks." Thenceforth he was known as Kemal Ataturk.


His death comes as a blow to a nation of 14,000,000 people, although he reformed their social customs, their religion and their economics with dictatorial zeal and speed. Out of the remains of the defeated and dismembered Ottoman Empire, he formed in 1923 a republic, which he armed and industrialized and made into a powerful nation. He repossessed the Dardanelles in 1936, conciliated the Greeks and steered a course between East and West in a manner that made Soviet Russia, Britain and Germany in turn glad to cultivate Turkey's friendship and lend her millions of further development.


Women Admitted to Parliament

In twelve years of reform women in Turkey were transported from the harem and the veil to membership in Parliament, to which seventeen women were admitted in 1935. President Ataturk even gave women the right to serve in the army, but said they would never be sent to the front because they were too precious to the nation. In another phase of reform, he stripped Mohammedan priests of their privileges and made Sunday instead of Friday the day of rest to conform with western usage. He devoted himself to the development of an army and navy with which to assure the Turkish position in dealing with the Western powers. By this year he had a modernized army of almost 500,000 men and was spending $70,000,000 of Turkey's annual budget of $210,000,000 to expand the national defense . He announced a five-year plan intended to bring Turkey's air force up to 1,000 of the latest military planes. He ordered twenty-five submarines and planned to equip Turkey to manufacture arms and war materials within her own boundaries.

Turkey's control of the Dardanelles had already made her one of the most important powers in the Mediterranean, and she was prepared to defend her position instead of being a pawn of stronger European nations as in the past.

Straits Pact Repudiated

She had gained this position finally when Ataturk decided that Turkey's new national stature justified the repudiation of the last remaining restriction on her sovereignty---the Straits convention of 1923, which forbade her to fortify the Dardanelles.


The President declared his belief and assembled his troops. The powers interested in the Straits convention said it was a "grave move," but a hurriedly summoned conference in 1936 at Montreux, Switzerland, gave Turkey the Straits once more. Ataturk was instrumental in the formation of the Balkan Entente, with Turkey, Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia, and thereafter in 1937 he formed the Moslem, or Middle-East bloc, with Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan.


Early in 1937 Ataturk grew impatient with long-drawn-out negotiations with France over the Syrian mandate, which France was about to relinquish by recognizing Syria as a republic. The Turks wanted Alexandretta, containing Antioch and an important corner of the Eastern Mediterranian shore leading to the Mosul oil fields. The Turks had their way. Alexandretta was made an autonomous State last July, under Franco-Turkish administration and defense forces, with the understanding that the French would eventually withdraw, leaving it to the Turks.

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