CHAPTER 1
The act of labourer and democracy are closely related. Labourer groups,who gathered in the name of union,took the first step of democratic association. In the old times,there are events which prove this thesis,the close relationship between the act of labourer and democracy. For example;with the act of Chartizm in England when workers came together,democracy spread and the other ideas which were common disappeared. First of all,we must inform you about the democracy and the act of labourer in West Societies.(before informing you about Turkey). Because West Societies experienced the Industrial Revolutions in the early times both democracy and the act of labourer appeared quickly. In West the attempts of succeding labourer's act and democracy started the tradition of class differentation. To form this tradition of class struggle there should have been Aristocracy in most of the West Societies. Moreover,the innovations and revolutions in West Countries were succeed with the help of labourer's act. These periods were experienced early and quickly in West Countries. Thus,west lead a lot of countries about these events. One of these countries is Ottoman Empire which is now Turkey.

CHAPTER 2
The relation of the act of labourer and democracy from the time of Ottoman Empire to our republic will be told in this essay. The appearance of Ottoman Empire in the economy of world was about 16th century. Ottoman Empire is affected by both Industrial Revolution,Price Revolution in th 16th century and depression in 17th century. The events that West Countries experienced affected Ottoman Empire in a lot of economic brunches. First,lets point out why Ottoman Empire couldn't develop with capitalism. In this topic,there are a lot of view.One of them is that the structure of Ottoman Empire was suitable for capitalism but they experienced Industrial Revolution a bit late,they remain old fashioned and at those times they were exploited so that they couldn't succeed it.Another point of view is that in Ottoman Empire,Feudal Structure didn't develop.
Industry was based on the corporation system in Ottoman Empire and this system was found only in cities.This system was involved in master and apprentice relationship.Ottoman Empire was supporting this system.In Ottoman Empire,as long as this system was active,neither workers were organized nor the democracy became successful as the result of this.Ottoman Empire transfered to the corporations whole of the work life and the corporations were dealing with everything.Work-life was continuing monotonously.Ottoman Empire wasn't receiving imports until 1820s.The corporations started to be destroyed with the Free Trade Agreement which was in 1838.Big industrial working places started to be set with this destruction.Imports started to be bought.The number of companies which were established by both foreigners and also by government started to increase by 1840s.Existence of corporations didn't disappear completely.The corporations were still struggling.They didn't achieve with this action.But again some owners of the corporations were organized under the protection of big firms.During the Reforms Period Ottoman Empire's policies were contradictory.While trying new policies,Ottoman Empire turned back to corporation system when they failed.But by 1840s the firms which were set started to disappear.Ottoman Empire targeted to organize a new corporation system with this firms but couldn't achieve.Ottoman Empire was in dilemma between being the part of the world's economy and continuing the old policy.After this time period,Ottoman Empire tried to answer the questons "How could they save themselves?"
Ottoman Empire,By 1880s welcomed the foreign capitals,This was seen as an escape for Ottoman Empire.But the firms which were spread all over the Ottoman Empire did all the things for their interests.In 1876 Ottoman Empire economically corrupted by its foreign debts.Ottoman Empire's land was exploited by foreigners and they hired workers which belong to the same ethnic group with them.Quataert explained this time period of Ottoman Empire with three effective examples:1)The Regie,the Turkish Tobbaco Monopoly 2)Mines 3)Railways.Foreigners were working in these three areas for their interests and the workers were all from their social group.Only they couldn't succeed in the Mines at all and this shows that the people of Ottoman Empire survived in harsh conditions and Ottoman Empire didn't do anything about it.The sources of Ottoman Empire were completely exploited.In these years because of the foreign workers working in these working places ,the people of Ottoman Empire couldn't show themselves in the work-life.
1908 A Young Turk Revolution ,was one of the big steps for establishing republic.Especially,the programme of National Economy was the base of labourer's act.It wasn't easy for the workers to have qalities such as salaried and unsalaried.They went through very difficult period.These are the most specific characteristics of this period:Unfairness in the payments ,impossiblity of showing the labour and existence of organization and struggle between workers.It is possible say that Ottoman Empire experienced it II Constitutional Monarchy Period without having been organized.We can the opposition acts which the workers made together in those times.Moreover,the first group of labourers was Ottoman Worker Organization.It was established against the government.By 1895 it wasn't possible to say that there was another group.In 1908there were a lot of boycotts.After II Constitutional Monarchy announced,The Union Party become the most important organization.It was established in 1906,Selanik.People who want to be hired should have had some special features.By that time,although the labour acts weren't successful II Constitutional Monarchy former the base of "Political Laboratory"of republic.
Before the II.Constitutional Monarchy,I.Constitutional Monarchy in 1876 had also some specific features.We can mention them.In first Constitutional Monarchy there were a constitution and a parliament for the first time.It was the beginning of the democracy acts.The power of the doctors of Muslim theology which was very common until that time was limited.Limited rights and freedom of people and unlimited rights of sultan were the main reasons of 1908 Revolution and II.Constitutionsl Monarchy with the 1908 power of the palace was taken.Young Turks aimed to set a liberal government.The alteration of court towards to law in 1916 was a very effective stroke for Ottoman Empire and it was a very important step for the laicism and also there was made a lot of cahanges.(In Ottoman Empire's traditional law).Young Turks made a lot of innovations affected by France Revolution.II. Constitutional Monarchy had a different structure from the republic period with is liberalicism,democracy and nationalism.During the time of I.World War ,ittihat ve terakki partisi was the only party.In those years ,national economy and Turkish Nationalism took the places of young turks' liberal economy view and Ottoman Empire's Natonalism.In those years there were a lot of innovations with the national economy policy.Some of them are:Capitulations were cancelled and foreign trade policy applied.The Government took the power back completely.Ntional economy didn't seperate economy and policy.According to National Economy ,it wasn't possible to achieve this policy by discriminating.And also labourers' acts and organizations became more common in that period.
If we look 1908 period in details;we can see that young turks were face to face with labourers acts.In that period one af the reasons of corruption of the place is the workers.The most important characteristic of that period which is called "1908 Strikes"is:Workers reacted together to the cahange of the regime for the first time.
Some of the characterisrics of "1908 Strikes"are:they mostly became effective in the cities in which there were foreign investors.(ist,iznik,selanik,etc...)According to the facts,more than 100 thousands of workers joined these strikesiOnly some of the workers had a union.The requests of the workers were the increase and the steadiness in payments.Ottoman Empire put Tatil-i Eşgal Kanunu into force in 1908,Septemberto stop the strikes.This law is known as the first strike and union law.With this law in a lot of places (especially the places where there were foreigners)the strikes were banned.Ottoman Empire apllied this because Ottoman Empire wanted to be respected by other countriesiAfter the descent of strikes in 1908,socialists ancreased the activities to become more superior to workers .(especially in the places where there were a lot of workers)All of the efforts of socialists were going to come to an end with Blakan War.Then Ottoman Empire lost the first World War .The revolution of İttihat ve Terakki ended.Assembly was abolished.A new government was formed.After the occupation Mustafa Kemal and his friends made succesful works.They were aiming to form a new regime.Occupant forces believed that they could success in economical area in Ottoman Empire.But because of the faling in the government they were nervous.Then Hüseyin Hilmi reported the eight labourers organization which was established by TSF(Türkiye sosyalist fırkrası).These organizations target was to gather the workers under one roof.The strikes which was lead by TSF in 1922,failed so Hüseyin Hilmi was out of date.And also in this period the term of nationalism affected the labourers acts.Nationalism prevented the worker class to be tranfered to Turkey.At the same time they created the Turkish labourer class.Nationalism always had an important role from the time of the first labourer acts to the republic.In the time of the Republic if we look at democracy and labourer acts ,we can see that the most important point of this period is İzmir İktisat Kongresi.The number of people who attended this meeting was 1135.There were a lot of various groups of people.Mustafa Kemal criticized Ottoman Empire in his first talk of the meeting.Some decisions were made about workers.The result of this meeting was the decision of "improvement in private enterprise under the government's control."In this period Takrir-i Sükun law was made which prevented the rebellion of workers.With the work law which was made 1936 the rights of workers become clear.And also devletçi sanayileşme politikası took the place of the Milli İktiasat Policy in 1932.The act of devletçi sanayileşme became more effective and the works were more fast.Because of these the new period started in the areas of gathering and organizations workers class and demand powers.

CHAPTER 3
The year 1946 was the baginning of the period "democracy with multi political parties".And also this year was very important for the workers.In this year unionizing act took place.But it started to be slow when social political parties and the unions which were considered dangerous were closed.In 1947 with Sendikalar Yasası the laws were clear.Between the years 1947-60 unions were active with democracy.Now let's analyze these periods mainly:
After the years of II.World War,the effects of the United States' international cooperation view's changes forced Turkey to make alterations in both economical,political,social and juridical areas.First of all;during II.World War let's make the effects of United States upon the Turkey clear.Soviet Union and the United States merged during the years of II.World War.But Soviet Union had bigger part in the victory.The result of this the U.S.' prestige was threatened.The things such as continous,slaughters and famines made the idea of cooperation important.But the failing of this cooperation could be predicted at the beginning.It was also clear in the declaration of Roosvelt and Churchill.Because in this declaration they mentioned matters which were suitable for the countries which were both liberal and capitalist.With this declaration there appeared two blocks.During the II.World War,there was a risk which was Turkey could be involved in the war.Because of this risk a lot of group of people were affected.In 25 May 1940 a new law was made.With it organizations ,meeting and propagandas were banned.With the martial law the transfer to the period of multi political parties.In Turkey became active in these limits. With the law which was made in 18 January 1940,there were made a lot of limits in the industry and trade.In Turkey with these laws,during the war ,working conditions became harder,wages decreased and women and children started to work.(Because men joined army).CHP was responsible for this.In those years there existed two groups.First one was supporting Demaokrat Party(DP) and the second was supporting CHP.Because they gave no end of trouble to each other,the country was put in a very difficult situation.Because of the growing of DP,CHP had to take some precautions.Because of these decisions and blames towards DP,the number of people who supported CHP decreased.And also it became irrevalant to the Kemalist idea.Batılılaşma Hareketi which was active since Reforms Period played very important role in this period.After the War Turkey was trying to fit in the international ambiance.This was the one of the reasons why Turkey was transfered to multi political parties' period.Because Turkey had some problems with Soviet Union,Turkey suported the U.S..
After 1945,the prohibition of establishment of society which depended on class basis was taken away in 10 June 1946 .Union's right was accepted.With this law,labourers started to organize more quickly.Besides,the number of unions began to increase with socialist parties leadership.Türkiye Sosyalist Emekçi ve Köylü Partisi wanted every union to be gathered under "the confederation roof."In addition,labourers group was established for workers.(for their free time).But government needed to interfered to these groups which started to became irrevelant to its aim.Government closed some unions with martial law and arrested manegers of some unions.Then,with the Sendikalar Yasası,government made a law which depended on the principles of nationalism and statism.Another principle that this law depended was not to make unions political.CHP and DP were in agreement about this topic.Sendikalr Yasası wasn!t succesful as it supposed to be.Because it had a pressure on the workers and couldn't gain the trust of them.Because of this reasons and the economic crisis unions started to turn towards to DP.And also two groups appeared.The reason of it was the arguements about the strikes.The prohibition of strikes in Turkey appeared during the transfer to multi political parties' system after the II.World War.Working conditions weren't very efficient in this period.CHP which was at the head of the government supported this prohibition,basing the statism principle.DP's thoughts about strikes were different.Because DP wanted to be voted in the elections which were getting closer.So DP would reach its target being the head of the government.DP promised the things which couldn't be achieved.So some of the national interests were exploited.
The political events in 1950-60 are:DP became the head of the government in the election 14 May 1950.In addition to CHP's rivalry DP also had to compete with other political parties.Some time later, a new party called Demokrat İşçi Partisi came out in İstanbul,September 1950 and this party's aim was to transform the worker group into a political power. But sometime later İşçi Partisi bacame weakers.The parties except DP and CHP didn't lost longs.The reason of it was that unions was already supporting either of the two existing parties which were CHP and DP.
Since the U.S. thought about its own interests it had effects on the establishment of Türbiş.And it also affected the idea of "freedom and democracy" of Türk-iş. DP started to direct the unions for its own interests.At the same time it started to ban the acts which it considered wrong.And also it prevented some of the imports and exports.Between the years 1957-60,the control on the unions was succeeded by DP .The idea of Türk-iş was that the unions should be out of the politics.But one things done by Türk-iş was contrasting with the idea.Workers were getting along with the government until the government started not to keep the promises.So workers began to turn towards to CHP.A political party which was against the government's ideas appeared.It supported the strikes.This party was established by the people who left DP.HP and CHP merged at the end of 1958.They were against the DP so that DP wasn't tolerating them.DP ,the head of government,lost its place with the 1960 stroke .

CHAPTER 4
Between the years 1960-80,let's analyze the trade unionism acts.First of all,the period of 1960 and 1980 started with the military police.And also these years ended with military police.Social and economical reasons caused this military police.But between these,there were impotant differences.With the first stroke,a lot of freedom took place in the work life. But most of it was abolished with the second stroke.(strike,collective barganing,etc...)These strokes appeared because a lot of events.27 May 1960 military police appeared because of the events that happened earlier.First of all,we must think why the army interferenced.Let's analyze the economic reason which caused this stroke. DP came to power in 1950.Turkey's economy was very good in these years.Turkey was improved in all the areas with the industrial development in these years.The U.S. assisted Turkey so much.Economy was improving.But some problems appeared after for some time and the people who had the power in the economy of the country changed.Because Turkey became a member of IMF,World Bank and Organization For Economic Cooperation.The U.S. started to take the power in the Turkish. Economy starting from 1954,because of the decrease in the production ,decrease in the prices of export goods and the things like that,economy didn't continue developing.In addition between CHP and DP fights caused the stroke. In the period in which appeared the 1960stroke,there existed both economic and political crisis.This crisis was experienced because of the import substitition. And also it was experienced because of the bad situation of the economy.Because of the import substitution ,economy had toexperience the absence of a serious foreign change.Another reasons of the stroke was ,there existed two groups which were DP and CHP.Another reason was that because the crisis ,people failed to watch over their own interests.After the stroke,CHP came to power.CHP affected the formation of the 1961 constitution. 1961 constitution was accepted by votes of people in 9 July 1961.This with constitution ,the basic rights were in protection.And also syndical rights were given to workers,the collective contract right was given to the public workers and the idea of establishing more than one union was accepted. And also some important rights were given to the workers. There was an important matter,either the government would manege the unions and workers or they would be free doing whatever they want in this period.The government gave freedom to the workers because the government thought that they were trustworthy.In those times,there were two kinds of trade unionism acts.First one was that they were obeying the rules and the second was that they were making their own rules . The people who depended upon the first one were against the other one and they insisted on their dues.These unions came face to face for various reasons.Now,let's analyze the Türkiye İşçi Partisi(TİP),Devrimci İşçi Sendika Birliği and Türk-iş.TİP was established by 12 trade unionists,in 13 February 1961.TİP tried to protect the rights and freedom of workers.And thus,TİP introduced 15 deputies to the assembly in the election of 1965.The supporters of tip were independent political acts partisan.First of all Türk-iş seemed to support TİP.But then it was announced that a political party would be established by Türk-iş .This party was Çlışanlar Partisi which was against TİP .In fact this was a trap set up by government.Establishment of "çalışanlar partisi" by Türk-iş put the unionists ,depended on TİP in danger.There is another reason why "Çalışanlar partisi" was established:After the 27 May act,the government needed a great deal of support and couldn't complete the tasks competely..Türk-iş made use of this weakness and established Çalışanlar Partisi.Türk-iş accused TİP of wanting Türk-iş to be collapsed.And some time later TİP collapsed.And also Türk-iş declaredthat it wouldn't collaborate with people who exploited the constitution with the "Partilerüstü Politikası".And as a result it symbolized the usual unionizm idea of government."Partilerüstü Politika"rejected the importance of politcal struggle of workers' rights and freedom.According to workers unions were struggling for collective contracts.And "partilerüstü politika" made this opinion real.Later because of the bad attitude of Türk-iş towards to TİP,there existed a tension between the two.And the members of tip weren't taken to the 6.General Assembly of Türk-iş.The unionists of TİP had a meeting and decide to establish a new confederation.And also because of some bad attitudes of people in Türk-iş,a lot of unions left Türk-iş.Thus a meeting was held.And they decided to establish DİSK.It was establish in 13 February 1967.There are 3 reasons of DİSK's establiment. a)Türk-iş gave up representing workers groups. B)It depended on the American Government's helps. c)It applied the principle of "Partilerüstü politika".(It was a principle whose aim was not to destroy the cooperation of unions.But this failed.We can say that it was one of the reasons of DİSK's establishment.)This establisment proved that unionism can be formed on its own.And then almost all political parties established their own confederation.(MHP established Milliyetçi İşçi Sendikalrı Knfederasyonu(MİSK)).Unions represented the workers.And also it was an organization which enables the struggle between the groups.And also they worked for making labourers free.The relationships between Türk-iş and some organizations of the U.S. were some of the reasons of the improvement of unionizm.
As a result,the works of the labourers and ınions about improvements in democratic rights were not too efficient.Bur they were efficient in the level of policy of labourers and unionism acts.
CHAPTER 5
With the miitary stroke in 1980,democratic system was propped up.And the works of the system were changed.From the first day of the stroke in 12 September 1980,a lot of organizations couldn't get rid of the effects of the stroke.All strikes were forbidden in 14 September 1980.It is understood that the usual things could continue without unions.With this stroke,parliament was closed and the activities of political parties were stopped.The first day of the stroke,the activities of DİSK,MİSK and some other unions were stopped .For MİSK,DİSK and Hak-iş the judgement period started.Their managers were taken under surveillance.And than DİSK and 28 unions which depend on it were closed.In 1984 MİSK started its activities again.And its name was changed into Yurt-iş in 1987.And at the end of 1988 it started to defend the idea of "unique and compulsory government unionism". And also Hak-iş started its activities again.Because DİSK's activities were stopped,DİSK's members left DİSK and gathered under the roof of Hak-iş. Türk-iş supported the government after the stroke.As a confederation ,Türk-iş didn't support the closed unions whose managers taken under surveillance.In this way ,Türk-iş supported unionizm which depend on the government. After the stroke ,the 1982 Constitution was formed to defend workers and unions .Now let's examine strike ,collektive barganing ,the syndical acts and political ban on the unions.
The main works about the syndical organization were:
a)Establishing unions became harder. b)Working place union and confederation organization were banned. c )The qualifications that the union member should have were pointed out. d ) The power of government on the unions became more effective administratively and financially.
The decisions about collective bargaining were:
a)Making more than one collective contracts in a working place was banned. b )With the rights ,the government put a pressure on the unions more easily.
The changes in the strikes were :
a)Strikes could be done during the collective contract or the disagreement. b)Strikes were banned in a lot of places. c)If people didn't obey the rules of the strikes ,they would be sent to jails. d)The commanders of the martial law could postpone and ban the strikes.
There were made some changes in the constitution about the political ban on the unions:
a)Unions' aim couldn't be political. b)Unions couldn't support any political parties. c)The unions couldn't be active in politics.
With the 1950 stroke political parties were closed.In 1983 election ANAP came to power.
In this period syndical acts had an improvement .And the workers started to become more aware of the things going around them.And the syndical acts didn't go on like it used to.In 1991 DYP came to power and gave some democratic promises.DYP cooperated with SHP.The works about union weren't efficient enaugh so new seeking started.After 1989 DİSK started to be active again.This was an important event in the syndical area.Thus ,three important confederations(Türk-iş,Hak-iş,DİSK) started to make decision together.And they decided to defend the democracy in the best way.In 1990 officals gained the right to be a member of the unions.But the government limited some parts of it.
Türk-iş thinks that it is possible to have an enviroment like there used to be before the 1980s.Hak-iş thinks that the rules of the government should be limited.And they think that if it is done so,the problems will disappear.DİSK thinks that it is possible that Turkey can improve in the industrial area. And also Turkey can reach the same statue of the West Nations. From these,we can conclude that each of the three confederations',aims are different. If they work all together,syndical acts will succeed.

The Development of Democracy in The Actions of Unionism in Turkey
Prepared By:

Rabia Gizem Dündar

Student No: 0503020082 Copyright©

Istanbul

2004

Chapter 1

The Original Sides Of Turkey`s Labourer Action From The Perspective Of The Development of The Democracy Concept In The Action of Unionization

There is a close relationship between Unionization and Democracy. First of all, unionization is a democratic formation. Unionization can occur in the civilizations where democratic foundations and rules have been exposed. Besides this, the born and development of democracy is a concern of labourer action.

We first see the Industrial Revolution fact in the west societies in which the democracy development has happened before Turkey. In our country the improvement of industry has delayed and the process of to become democratic does not depend on the labourer action. The west societies` labourer actions effects is seen in each phase of the foundation and progress of Turkey`s labourer action. While labourer action has founded at 17. and at 18. Centuries in UK, one of the west societies, in Turkey this occurs at 1960s. In Turkey the collective bargaining and the strike rights have become widespread at 1963, in UK this is seen at late 19. Century.

In west countries, Bourgeoisie is the pioneer of the first group struggle. Despide of the fact that there is no such concept of hierarchy in Turkey. The group conception is understood with difficulty.
As a result, Turkey`s labourer action is effected by the international actions and Turkey has modeled these progress.

Chapter 2
The Labourer Action In The Period from Ottoman Emperror and Turkey Republic

The question asked about the process of Ottoman Emperor`s lasting from 18. and 19. centuries till the decline is why the classical developement of capitalism has not become fact at Ottoman Emperor. According to an idea the suitable dynamics were present but the emperialism which coused Ottoman to become half-colony has prevented. The second idea puts forward that due to the absece of feudalism the classical capitalism has not become fact.

Reorganization Period
Formation of Ploretariat and Becoming Democratic

The economy of Ottoman has been effected by both the price reform that is because of enlargement tendency of world economy at 16. century and the economic crisis at 17. century.
At 19. century the most important result of the process of environmental enlargement is Ottoman Government was no longer the only power.
The purpose of the Reorganization Firman at 1830, Reform Firman at 1856 and II. Abdulhamid period was to make the existing structure suitable for the new regime.
The importance of the II. Constitutional Monarchy perioad is that it caused changings at the power block."Jön Türkler" has become a part of the power.
A great part of Ottoman industry has organized at gulid of tradesmen's and based on the traditional craft prduction. The main consumption of city population, palace and the army was solved by gulid of tradesmen's. And also the production and trade was taxed by gulid of tradesmen's.
After The Free Trade Agreement which is signed at 1838 and the Industrial Revolution, the gulid of tradesmen's begun to break up. Gulid of tradesmen's is important for the formation process of labourer group.
At 1840s the government formed large enterprices to work out the needs of the palace and army. But they were closed because they did not work. At existing enterprices there were few turkish workers. The managers and qualified labourers were all foreigners. For the foreign capital, Ottoman was a suitable investment country because of rich raw material and cheap labour force. At Adana, İzmir, İstanbul, Konya more than thirty foreign factory become to work on textile, olive oil, soap, mine. As an example, because of the French capital Reji Tabacco more than 300 tabacoo manufacturer went bankrupt. The German capital which dominated the railway production played role on the formation of work distribution according to the qualification level of work grouping within ethnic grouping. Europians found the chance of working at better qualified and more paid jobs. They were paid %50 more than the turkish labourers at mechanic workshops. This kind of ethnic work distribution is thougt as infare for turkish-muslim labourers.
At Ottoman there was a social structure of grouping one of which was the plotererian labourer with property and the second was the polareterian villagers with no property and there was no organized labour portion. On account this, at some regions the product decayed due to the insufficiant number of labourers and at some regions there were excess of work force.
Until this period the resistance of the labourers were very simple. The first society in group structure is "osmanlı amele cemiyeti". There were small groupings at shipyards, railways and weaving workshops.
At 1908 "Jön Türkler" faced labourer resistance which was becoming widespread. This movement was important because it was the first collective action against regime changing. Most of the strikes happened at the regions where foreing capital was dominant and these labourers were not a member of any society. "Anadolu Demiryolları Sendikası" was formed in the 13th of August at 1908 has members from all positions of work force.
These actions frightened the europians. Ottoman government almost forbided to commit a strike at regions where the foreign capital dominated by making the law "Tatili Eşgal" to take precaution. After this incident stirkes decreased but the efforts to become organized increased.
Socialism was born in Turkey in the period of 1908 and 1925. after the First World War there was a policial cavity. With Mustafa Kemal's and his firends' leadership "Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi" was formed and it was organizing not only the liberation but also forming a new regim. Nevertheless freedom environment was forming. The strike behavior got into action again. The most important stirke for Istanbul was the strike of Tram Company's labourers.
"İzmir İktisat Kongresi" in 1923 has an importance about the subject. The politicy of developing the private enterprice under the protection of the government is the most considerable result. Besides the labourer group's right of forming union with the name of "amele grubunun iktisat esasları", some series of positive decisions were taken in which the wage and social helps were organized.
The period of 1930s was a different phase for both the developing process of Turkey Labourer group and their being organized with their demands and reactions. The Work Law which became law in 1936 and some arrangements like Cemiyetler Law which became law in 1938 are important examples for this progress.

Chapter 3
The Unionization Action and Democracy in Turkey in the Period of 1946 and 1960

In the political history of Turkey the year 1946 symbols a new phase for the labourer group. From the day of the 10th of June at 1946 a fast unionization is witnessed in a period of six months. But in 21th of December this formation is ended and this application is completed with the law of `Sendikalar` which came in force in 1947 depends on national trade unionism/restrictions by government.
At the II. World War, the alliance which was against the fascism of Hitler was between USA and Rusian did not last longly and as a result the East-West block came out. The Cold War ruled the period. At this period the Truman doctrine which was put forwarded by the president of USA, seemed to be a help program for Turkey and Greece though it played an important role for the beginning of the Cold War.
After the war, the obligation of Turkey which is to be adapted to the international political environment that gains a new face, is an important reason to pass to multiple party environment. Turkish policy was tended to model the American policy. At this period CHP faced a difficult competition with DP that was founded from the inside of CHP.
One of the most important events after 1946, the prohibitation of forming society based on catagory of people was abrogated. After the change of this law the labourers begin to become organizded quickly. TSP and TSEKP were the initiators of forming unions.
The democratic regim in Turkey was not inclined to the left. The unions which purposed to defend the labourers` rights weren`t accommodated.
The digress of unions from their main purpose caused the government to make the `sendikalar` law lawful. According to this law the unions must be nationalist and unpolitical. To prevent the digress of unions form their aims it was forbidded that the workers who were not coworkers couldn`t join the union.
Between 1947 and 1950 CHP and DP tried to increase their electors by trying to make the unions take their sides.
Before the election at the 14th of May in 1950 when the arguments about strike rights rised up, CHP opposed the strike and lockout becouse of the reason that this will result arguments and fights between diffrent groups.
In the period of 1950 and 1960 DP had an important effect on unions. The wish to be a deputy was efective on this event. The period in which the leadreship of DP ruled was ended with the revolution of 27 May 1960.

Chapter 4
The Developement of Democracy in The Actions of Unionism in the Period of 1960 and 1980

Between 1960 and 1980 unionization begun with the military revolution. This revolution was because of the economic and social reasons and also the workers were more free. The economy of Turkey was better in 1950s when DP was the the government. With the improvement of industrial conditions Turkey`s wealth increased and it was the USA where Turkey had the most help from. But soon some problems occured and the authority of economy has changed. The USA have more power on Turkey`s economy after Turkey has joined IMF, IBRD. From the year 1954 the production and exterior credits decreased. Turkey`s economy flow slowed down. Prime Minister Menderes accepted the exterior debt in 1958. Although it seemed that the problems were solved, the same matters appeared. At this period the arguments between CHP and DP effected this crisis. The beginning of imported substitions and the nation`s dividing into the two political idea of CHP and DP were the two main effect of the revolution to start. With the revolution CHP was taken to the leadership of the government and the constitution prepared by CHP was accepted in July, 1961. The Constitution guarantied the main rights and prevented the government power not to become monopoly. Also the union rights were given to all workers. While the topic which was whether the government would dominate the labourer and unions or the government would set them free by giving some rights was the most important subject, the labourers` and unions` reliable behaviours facilated their being given some certain rights. At this peroid the relationship between the unions which were obeying the rules and moving on their own became clear.

DISK TIP and Turk-Is

TIP is a political party which had an important attempt from the point of defending the labourer rights and freedom was founded at the 13th of February in 1961 by 12 trade unionist. Turk-Is is a union which claimed to help TIP while it was forming, founded Çalışanlar Partisi against TIP. After this period Turk-Is accused TIP of trying to demolish the constitutinal regularity and Turk-Is; being against of collective bargaining. With the break up period of TIP and the coming together of the unions which have quited Turk-Is, DISK was founded at the 12th of February in 1967. After the Istanbul Şafak Gazetesi meeting at which the foundation of DISK was decided put forward three main reasons for the foundation of DISK which were:
Turk-Is was out of being a labourer union,
It depended on the USA help,
The over political party principle.
Unions are founded to aim the labourers' independence and they represent the labourer. At the same time unions are a struggle means between different labour groups but Turkey trade unionism activities were very limited to appear the democratic rights.

CHAPTER 5
The Democracy and Unionist Action after the 12th of September in 1980

The period between 1960 and 1980 was beginning with a military revolution and was ending another military revolution. While 27 May 1960 military revolution and 1961 constitution anticipated a freedom about collective bargaining, being organized and strike rights; 12 September 1980 military revolution and 1982 constitution occured in order to annihilating and restricting the labourers' rights and liberties. From the beginning of the first day of the 12 September revolution several organization has been affected. It was claimed that everyting could be done witout the unions. After the 12th of september the parliament was closed and the founctions of the political parties were banned. The activities of DISK, MISK and the other unions were stopped and their managers were arrested. MISK started its activity at 1984 again and has changed its name as YURT-IS. It started to adopt the idea of Government unionism. Despite of the fact that DISK has been closed entirely the union members who has left came along together. HAK-IS started its activity again soon. After the revolution TURK-IS which is a confederation supported the government completely has been against the arrested people. The 1982 constitution has been formed to organize the social and economic rights of labourers and unions after the revolution. As an example about the organizations are:
" It was hardened to form union.
" It was determined how to be a member of a union
" The financial and administrative auditing of the government on unions was increased.
" It was banned to make more than one collective bargaining.
" The rights of the government on the unions were increased.
" Strike was banned.
" Strike right was let when making collective barganing and there is a disagreement
" It was decided that none of the unions could have a political purpose.
Later on ANAP became the leader party on alone. The leadership of ANAP which lasted till 1991 there was an improvement about the union actions. DYP became leader party with elections and formed a coalition with SHP. One of the important events of the period after 1989 was the regrouping of DISK. Three big confederations have decided to make decisions together.
At the period of 1990s the labourer's action and unionism side there was a new fact was the comming out of the organizing of the unionist puplic workers and the developping of it. Despite the difference of main purpose of the three big confederation the unionist actions can not get strengthen.

TRADE UNIONS IN LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISH REPUBLIC

ELÇİN YILMAZ

0503020054

LESSON:ENGLISH

TEACHER:YAHYA TEKİN

-CHAPTER I-

TURKISH WORKER ACTIVITY OF ORIGINAL SIDE ABOUT TRADE UNION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY CONSEPT

Trade union is a democratic activity. Activity of trade union exists some society however the society which had some democratic rules and some democratic assaciation. Syndical activity learned the most important information from syndical struggle history is, syndical stuggle had a lot of problems. This problems could be finished with demcratism.
West society met the democrasy and trade unionism before us. If we look for the development of the west society, we saw the industrial revolution. The worker class which formated after the industrial revolution, start the struggle of being syndical and to start the democrasy, did something about this.
Democracy was born with political activity of working class. Türkiye remained behind the west about democratization and syndicalization. Bourgeoisie is the vanguard of the struggle for the class. After the industrial revolution, two classes constituted. They are worker and employer. Consequently, west society owing to this variation and this development, they carried the democracy and worker activity to different points today. While west was doing this variation there weren't any west to imitate.
Türkiye followed all this variations with chronologic from behind. Türkiye had a west model for ever. All the things were comparing with west.
Türkiye did not have any worker activity. It wasn't born in aristocratic society. Because of this, Türkiye couldn't understand the real of the "class". Turkish worker activity acted upen the effects which were born in some countries. This effect in Türkiye, was bigger than and have more important conclusions than west countries especially the question of worker activities.
This is the real of west countries leadership about worker activities's borning and development for world not only Türkiye. For example, France Revolution in 1789, effected the worker activity on Ottoman's last period.
ABD effected Turkish worker activities in 1952 when necessary Turk-iş's borning. Turkish worker activities's main problem is, being a part of west worker activities's or it's not going right aim like South America.

-CHAPTER II-
Industry in Ottoman Empire, formated small production units like another countries until eighteenth century. Industry production's quality and quantity about control was put in order by organizations which named Ahi.
Ahi was the organization which formated same worker's society or doing same trade from thirteenth century to 1727.
After 1727, Ahis finished and "guild"s borned. Guild hadn't more differents from Ahi. Guilds had historical relationship with Ahis. In the guilds; appretices, foremen and master workmen were in the same organization.

The Empire which had enough industry from twelveth century to thirteenth century. But it doesn't going on like this, dating from thirteenth century's second part. England, France and other Europe conturies had made liberal commerce agreement in 1838. Guilds were falled in by this agreement. This caused guilds' ending. Guilds were very important for Ottoman Empire for not only traditional industry, it was very important for life of citys' organization and control too.
There are 3 main reasons about contolling and supporting guilds for Ottoman.
First; Guilds had more importance for Ottoman about giving main needings to city life and they were a guarantee of economic life. Guilds were very important for Ottoman about social because of central goverment.
Second reason was guilds' helping. Guilds helped to palace, to army and navy. They gave their main needings. Because of this, guilds were very important for Ottoman.
Third reason was; production and trade actions were taxed by guilds in cities.
Guilds's life wasn't longer than Ottoman's life. Industrial revolution was the main reason of guilds' existing , but another reason was Ottoman.
Ottoman Empire had been the most charming investment country for the foreign capital with cheap workers, with custom doors, with easinessof capitulation.
Foreign capital invesments and traditional actions had increased outstanding in Empire between 1880 and 1908.
We can give 3 examples about unsuccessfully industrialization. Monopoly of Reji Tabacco, Mine of Coal and Railways.
-MONOPOLY OF REJI TOBACCO-
It was established by France capital in 1884. About 300 factories their doors with Monopoly Of Reji Tobacco. Reji opened new tobacco factories at the head of Istanbul then in Izmir, Samsun, Adana,Şam and Halep. There were be a question of sexuality and ethnic origin. Labour which was thick production and division of labour which was easy and technical. We can say that the probability of controlling and not controlling for labour. Factory administration was high.
Discrimination of factory administration and labourer is equal to foreign-native discrimination.
Reji was giving dept as 50 % product without interest. Ottoman didn't support about "desertion" to Reji until Second Mesrutiyet.
COAL MİNES
Coal Mines were be for needings of military to Ottoman Goverment. The biggest foreign capital came from France in 1896. Ottoman put in order the prices in 1867 and 1869. In this periods the most important thing was goverment's interference.
RAİLWAYS
Railways were started making in 1889 by Anadolu Railway Factory. It was aiming renew between Istanbul and Izmir and go along the Eskisehir, Ankara and Konya then Bagdat and Basra. There were classing groups with social groups. It was so important. Foerign workers were quality workers. Ottoman citizens were nonquality workers. Foreign workers were guaranted but Turkish citizens weren't guaranteed. Foreign capital investment took away Ottoman Goverment from industry. Jon Turkish Revolution was so important for young Republic. There were many variation of Goverment construction in Ottoman Empire. Jon Turk Revolution effected to worker class's existing when we looked at the being worker period, there were both of being worker and repeasantization.
We can look in them,
a) being worker and labour
b) labour bazaar
c) struggle of organization and struggle of experience
FROM JON TURK REVOLUTION TO REPUBLIC
Ottoman Empire met first Mesrutiyet in 1876 with assotiation of parliament and constitution. But there were no constitutional system. There weren't any guarantee of liberty and justice in constitution. But the Sultan's justice was limitless. Jon Turk Revolution aimed to put in order this Jon Turk Revolution aimed to give more justice and liberly to citizens. Palace last it's power. Ittihat and Terakki had the power in that days. The main pholosophy of Ottoman's econemic and social idea was liberalism. It was the name of nation goverment project in Europa. It was the time of being national. But for the Jon Turks, it was the programme of bourgeois. There were more than 50 strike to Jon Turks. The most important property was, the workers reactived the change. It was the first time.
We can say about the strike. Strikes were in Istanbul, Izmir, Selanik, Varna, Samsun and Eregli where the foreign capital and goverment administration were being. The reiaways trade union was associated in 13 August 1968. foreign capital worried because of the strikes. Goverment took out the law of Tatil-i Esgal. Tatil-i Esgal Law was the first law about trade union and strike.

-CHAPTER III-
TURKISH SYNDICAL ACTIVITY AND DEMOCRACY IN 1946-1960 PERIOD
1946 is the phase for Turkish worker class. There were fast syndical activity dating from 10 June 1946. But it was finished in same year of December. It made with national trade unions in 1947.
East-West formated black in Second World War. It was the Cold War. Truman Doktrin seemed helping Turkiye and Greece, but it was the most important thing about starting Cold War. After the war Turkiye had to fit in international social environment. It was the main reason of transition to social life with multipolitical party. CHP competed with DP in this period. The most important development was, finish the prohibition of set up the group after 1946. Workers started to become organizated after this variation. TSP and TSEKP were the leadership of set up trade unions. It didn't give permission trade unions, to have secure worker's justice and to struggle. Trade unions law was prepared. It's up to this trade unions have to be unpolitical. They can do something in international area. There have to be workermen. There weren't any "meslekdışı" person.
CHP and DP tried to get the trade unions near them...for vote between groups before 1950. Between 1950 and 1960 DP effected on the trade unions. This period went on power of DP and it was finished in Revolution of 24 May 1960.

-CHAPTER IV-
Syndical activities started with coup d'etat between 1960 and 1980. Social and economic problems caused this stroke with this stroke life of work had some freedam. We can examine the democratization before this date. Fistly in 1950 DP was the power in this periods we had good economy. But the most important development was in 1946. Industry was developed America gave the most important helping to Turkiye. But few time later there were some problems. Turkiye joined in IMF, World Bank and Europe İktisadî İsbirligi. ABD could say something about our economy. Dating from 1954, production decreased Prime Minister, Menderes, accepted outdept. He found new credit. But few months later same problems were be again. There were a crisis because of DP and CHP fightning. Because of this crisis, economy stationated. Industry bourgeosie developed because of the crisis. Economy had a problem about foreign exchange. Another reason of stroke was nation divided 2 parts. Once was CHP another was DP. They were the reason of starting stroke and stroke of 1960 came. The Assembly was given to CHP for control. Because there was no DP. The constitution which was prepared by CHP, was accepted with national vote 9 July 1961.
This constitution guaranteed main justices. It had some preperations to finish monopoly power. Every worker had syndical justices. There were some justices to protect industrial bourgeoise. Worker class and trade unions had some justices. Will the trade unions and workers be freedom or not? It was the important question. Government gave their life. There were 2 trade unions. First trade union had rules and did their rules but another one didn't do it. Second trade union was the opposite of first trade union.
TİP was set up in 13 February 1961 by twelve trade unionist. It was an important party because of having worker justices and feedom. While the TİP was setting up Turk-Is said to support but then Turk-Is set up new party. Turk-Is accused of many things. Turk-Is accused the TİP that TIP wanted to break up Turk-Is. Then few trade union. When Turk-Is finished, there were a power. This was DISK. DISK had 3 reason to set up. They were;
1) Turk-Is went out a worker organization
2) Partilerüstü politika ilkesi ( Impartiality)
3) It had American helping.

Many party was set up but then they changed their ideas and came to DISK. Turk-Is aimed that the trade unions will be together but it couldn't do that. Trade unions were the meditor between different classes and workers. They were associations which aimed giving freedom to the worker class. The developments between ABD and Turk-Is was very important for trade union of Turk-Is.
In conclusion worker class' and syndical struggle had a small and limitly place about state of being democratie justices.

-CHAPTER V-
Many organizations were effected in the stroke dating from first days of 12 September 1980 stroke. All the strokes were forbieded at the date of 14 September. The message was given that works can go on without trade unions. 12 September stroke's main reason is economic and social crisis. The parliament was clased with 12 September stroke. Activities of the DISK, MISK and anothers was prohibited. Then DISK was closed. Then stroke of the 12 September had two results.
First one; it was in the politics
Second one; it was the manner about politics.
MISK started it's activity in 1984.( ıt was wanted to stop but it started it's activity)
MISK changed it's name that it was Yurt-Is. It defended the understanding of the government's trade unionism in 1988.
Halk-Is started it's activity again too. Because of the DISK's clasing people, who were in DISK, were be a group in Halk-Is.
Turk-Is supported the government after the stroke 1982. Constitution was stated of being for put in order the labour's and trade union's economic and social justices.
There were same activities about was organizing the trade unions area.
-To be set up the trade union was be more difficult than before.
-What will someone do to be a member of trade union.
-There were a control on the trade unions by the government
Something was made in the area of collective discussion.
1) It is prohibition to make contract more than one.
2) Government had more justices on the trade unions.
In the stroke area is;
1) Strike was prohibited
2) Some punishment of imprisonment was brought
3) It gave some permission about strike at the collective decissions.

And trade unions hadn't to have social ideas.
Political parties were closed with stroke of 1980. And ANAP was the power. There were development about syndical activities. ANAP's power was until the year of 1991. Then DYP was the power with the selection. It constituded a coalition with DYP and SHP. The most important development about trade union after the year of 1989 was the assemble of DISK.
Agents had some justice to be a member of trade unions. But in Turkiye, aims were different. Because of this syndical activities weren't powerful.

Arzu
Akhüseyinoğlu

Number : 0503020076

The Teacher's Name Yahya Tekin

Homework : The Turkish Book's Extract which was translated English.

Development of Trade Unionism In Turkey Within Concept of Democracy

Why capitalism hasn't taken a place under control of Ottoman Empire control during 18th and 19th centuries? Someone says that due to absence of "feudalism" during Ottoman Empire's administration that capitalism hasn't taken a place.Ottoman Empire's -which has been taken as a half-colony position at 19th century- integration to global economy has been taken about 16 centuries.Global economy's effects on Ottoman Empire's economy haven't been limited with conclusions of "Industrial Revolution".With "The Edict of Reorganization" in 1830, "The Edict of Reformation" in 1856 and during the period of Abdulhamit The Second(1876-1908), Ottoman Empire has been aimed to be integrated to conclusions of environment.During that integration process,Ottoman Empire has two main characteristics . The first characteristic is, Ottoman Empire hasn't been exposed to colonization process. The second is, Ottoman Empire had a binary law system. Big part of Ottoman Empire's Industry has been organized as Guild of Tradesmen.This system actually was there in big cities. There were 3 or 4 employees at office and there was a master and apprentice relationship.Production was devoted to domectic market. There was interference of Ottoman Empire on producers about becoming organized as Guilds. Guilds have provided many benefits to Ottoman Empire.
On the other hand, by the "Industrial Revolution", guilds have become less and less important.

In 1840, the factories which were more productional for Army and Palace have taken an important place for Ottoman industry. There were many employees at these factories and these factories had been established by the state. Until "The Edict of Reorganization", it was necessary to get an imperial decree for organizing labourer-employee-boss system, but after "The Edict of Reorganization", the legal ways have been used to constitute such organizations.
During the new industrial era of production which was without tradesmen guilds, working controls have been ruled by factories. Ottoman Empire had become an investment country with given capitulations for foreign capital. Ottoman Empire went to bankrupt due to foreign debt in 1876 and Düyun-Umumiye Administration(Establishment for financing of foreign debts of Ottoman Empire) was established. Thus, within capitalist global economy; especially ports, railways, tobacco, cotton etc. which belong to transportation and agricultural sectors, had become most appropriate investment areas for Europen companies. Between 1880-1908, an increase have been seen in terms of foreign capital investment. Europeans have made discriminations between employees in terms of religion and ethnic. Due to that fact, The Young Turks have been come face to face to strikes in 1908.With these strikes, employees for the first time, have acted as a mass and demanded good conditions for charges and working.

Thus, at September of 1908, the law (Tatili Eşgal Kanunu) related to banning of strikes in foreign capitals' factories has been declarated. After calming of 1908 strikes, socialists have increased their activities among workers. Socialists' effects were very clear among workers' unions and associations. Selanik Workers Federation has arranged a meeting related to forementioned law (Tatili Eşgal Kanunu) in favour of workers. At September of 1912, by emerging of Balkan War, the socialists' efforts have come to an end. After signing of cease-fire, two of Turkish socialist parties have been established. Socialist Party definitely has gone forward among workers, but it hasn't gone between workers and government as a mediator, while making a law against workers and during big strikes. Turkish Worker Farmers Socialist Party (TİÇSE) which was established in 1919, has aimed to unite all of workers under one union, but failed. These socialist organizations have been most effective about strikes which came into existence between 1919-1922 years. Worker classes' big progress which emerged in 1908 and obtained its most powerful period during 1919-1922, has been cut in 1924.Also,there is a relationship between Nationalism and worker class. Nationalism has put Turkish worker class's constitution into a form.

One of the very important point of Turkish Republic's establishment is İzmir Economics Congress which was held in 1923 in İzmir. During 1930's "National Economics" replaced with statism to start industrialism movement.In 1936, Workers Law has been designed and put into practice. During 1947-1960 years, political governments tried to adapt workers class and unionist movements to "democratic" regime. During Second World War,working conditions were made more difficult than before; working hours were made lessen;due to conscription, children and women were made work in order to complete workforce and the police increased its power and pressure. In 1946, by Societies Law's permission related to establishment of association on the base of class, the union has been recognized legally. Also, Turkish Socialist Workers and Peasants Oarty (TSEKP) which was established in 1946, has established İstanbul worker unions and workers club.In 1946, Martial Law has been declared and socialist parties' and unions' activities have been cancelled. According to regulations of Ministry of Working, there are three type of unions; the first is "against the state", the second is "at state's service" and the third is "accompanying with state". The third type unions are free unions. Thus, these type of unions are appropriate for Turkey.

According to 2nd clause of Unions Regulations dated 1947, people who is not qualified will not be a member of unions and according to 7th clause of same regulation, activities against these regulations will be punished.In 1947 CHP(The Republican People's Party), has established Workers Bureau and with this action, it has tried to gather workers under its party, But, CHP -including obtaining of strike rights- couldn't solve workers' economic problems. By1950's crisis,unions went towards to DP(Democratic Party). Actually CHP and DP are against each other. DP has supported strikes but, CHP not.The common direction of political parties and unionist organizations who are supporter or opposite of strikes is national interests.In 1950, DP has come to power, but it has been witnessed to limitation or prohibition of unions's severeal type of activities.Afterwards, it has been understood that DP had used workers's votes in order to come to power.Because this party, has acted as a friendly party to workers. In 1953 CHP has added "Strike Right" to its party programme. Because it was opposite of DP.The other party which supporter of using strike right was Hürriyet(Freedom) Party. This party has been established after separation from DP.

Hürriyet (Liberal ) party and CHP have merged in 1958. DP has treated very harshly to the opposition and its political power has been ended by 1960 blow.
The period of 1960 - 1980 has begun with a military blow and ended in with another one. While the Constitution of 1960 and 1961 in this period projecting organization, mass bargaining and rights of strike, the blow of 12 and 1982 constitution have been prepared to restrict the rights and liberties of the laborers. After 1960 Turkish Labor Party (TİP), Revolutionist Laborer Union Confederation, policy of sur-parties of Türk-İş and Connection of USA have come round. TİP has been established in 13 February 1961. Tip has an important prominence for its consistency in laborers' rights and liberties and its founders have stemmed from trade unions. Türk - İş in the first place spurred on TİP however, later on founded workers party. Workers Party has an influence on both TİP and Türk-İş. Nevertheless, it compelled the trade unionists to assume an attitude against their negative behaviors. There has been a tense relation between trade unionists pulling for TİP and administration of Türk -İş. Because, Türk-İş has excluded TİP from 6th General Board of Committee. Thereupon, a meeting arranged and it was decided that DISK should be enacted.

DISK has been legislated for three reasons :
1. Malfunction of Türk-İş
2. Türk-İş relied on USA
3. Türk-İş specified as sur-parties.

There was an apperception that Türk-İş was founded by USA; but it commenced to organise before the operation of trade union of USA. However, Türk-İş has adopted their rudiments.
In 12 September 1980, a military application oppressing political left and trade unions was exercised. Thus, strikes banned, social insurances, leaves and duration of holidays, and mass labors contracts have been limited and activities of DİSK, MİSK have been abrogated. Türk-İş viewed being the sole organization of trade union standing, the closing down of the trade unions. The constitution of 1982 prepared does not retain the property of being democratic.
This constitution has limited regulation of strikes and lock-outs and limited Collective Labour Agreement's boundaries and has prohibited.

The period after 1983, has been a very difficult experience for workers. During 1987 and 1989, strikes and activities out of strikes have been occured. After 1989,workers struggles caused real increases and has taken very important place on political base. Also, DISK has emerged again. In 1992, Türk-İş, Halk-İş(People's Work Union) and DİSK have came together and established a force unity in order to re-arrange working conditions and provide organizational liberties.
Women are defined in family by capitalist societies. Thus, they are in second class in terms of working. Working life has obtained freedom to women, but at the same time,women are acceptedas over suffered side of the working life. Thus, women and union have an important relationship. But, women have thought that these activities were man's business and due to lack of time they haven't been very interested in.

DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY THROUGH THE UNIONİST MOVEMENTS IN TURKEY

Arzu BAŞ